Что измеряют меры имплицитной установки?
Научная статья
Аннотация
Впечатляющее число эмпирических исследований, посвященных имплицитной установке, с очевидностью указывает на рост популярности этого концепта, но не является свидетельством научной ценности полученных результатов. Статус имплицитной установки как научного понятия вызывает серьезные сомнения. Ее высокая практическая востребованность внушает опасения в смысле возможных социальных последствий. Настоящая статья посвящена проблемам измерения имплицитной установки и трудностям ее концептуализации. В статье рассматривается, как оформились представления об имплицитной установке, какие модели легли в основу техник ее измерения. Показано, как и почему ранние представления об имплицитной установке подверглись критике, и что привело к кризису ее концептуализации. Раскрываются причины несостоятельности выводов об успешном развитии имплицитного социального познания.
Ключевые слова:
имплицитная установка, социальная установка, измерение, модели измерения, концептуализация, имплицитное социальное познание
Литература
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Alwin D.F. Making inferences from attitude-behavior correlations // Sociometry. 1973. Vol. 36, № 2. P. 253–278. DOI: 10.2307/2786570.
Zanna M.P., Rempel J.K. Attitudes: A new look at an old concept // The social psychology of knowledge / Ed. by D. Bar-Tal, A.W. Kruglanski. N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, 1988. P. 315–334.
Schneider W., Shiffrin R.M. Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending and a general theory // Psychological Review.1977. Vol. 84. P. 127–190. DOI: 10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.127.
Pratkanis A.R. Cognitive Representation of Attitudes // Attitude Structure and Function / Ed. by A.R. Pratkanis, S.J. Breckler, A.G. Greenwald. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1989. Р. 71–98. DOI: 10.4324/9781315801780.
Neely J.H. Semantic priming retrieval from lexical memory: Role of inhibitionless spreading activation and limited-capacity attention // Journal of experimental Psychology: General. 1977. Vol. 106. P. 226–254. DOI: 10.1037/0096-3445.106.3.226.
On the automatic activation of attitudes / R.H. Fazio, D.M. Sanbonmatsu, M.C. Powell, F.R. Kardes// Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1986. Vol. 50. № 2. P. 229–238. DOI: 10.1037//0022-3514.50.2.229.
Petty R.E., Fazio R.H., Briñol P. The new implicit measures: An overview // Attitudes: Insights from the new implicit measures / Ed. by R. Petty, R.H. Fazio, P. Brinol. New York: Psychology Press. 2009. P. 3–18. ISBN: 9780429235337.
Fazio R.H., Sanbonmatsu D.M., Powell M.C., Kardes F.R. On the automatic activation of attitudes // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1986. Vol 50, № 2. P. 229–238. DOI: 10.1037//0022-3514.50.2.229.
Fazio R.H. Multiple processes by which attitudes guide behavior: The MODE model as an integrative framework // Advances in experimental social psychology / Ed. by M. P. Zanna. New York: Academic Press, 1990. Vol. 23. P. 75–109. DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60318-4.
Fazio R.H. Attitudes as object-evaluation associations: Determinants, consequences, and correlates of attitude accessibility // Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences / Ed. by R.E. Petty, J.A. Krosnick. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1995. P. 247–282. ISBN: 9781315807041.
Nosek B.A., Greenwald A.G., Banaji M.R. The Implicit Association Test at age 7: A methodological and conceptual review // Automatic Processes in Social Thinking and Behavior / Ed. by J.A. Bargh. N.Y.: Psychology Press, 2007. P. 265–292.
Banaji M.R. Implicit attitudes can be measured // The nature of remembering: Essays in honor of Robert G. Crowder / Ed. by H.L. Roediger, J.S. Nairne, I. Neath, A. Surprenant. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2001. P. 117–150.
Schacter D. Implicit memory: History and Current Status // Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 1987. Vol. 13. P. 501– 518. DOI: 10.1037/0278-7393.13.3.501.
Greenwald A.G., Banaji M.R. Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, Self- Esteem, and Stereotypes // Psychological review. 1995. Vol. 102, № 1. P. 4–27. DOI: 10.1037/0033-295x.102.1.4. EDN: HKCDTD.
Greenwald A.G., McGhee D.E., Schwartz J.L.K. Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1998. Vol. 74, № 6. P. 1464–1480. DOI: 10.1037//0022-3514.74.6.1464. EDN: GXURCB.
Krosnick J.A., Judd C.M., Wittenbrink B. The Measurement of Attitudes // The Handbook of Attitudes / Ed. by D. Albarracin, B.T. Johnson, M.P. Zanna. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2005. P. 21–78. ISBN: 9781315178103.
Greenwald A.G., Nosek B.A., Banaji M.R. Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2003. Vol. 85, № 2. P 197–216. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.197. EDN: GXTOIJ.
Gawronski B. Attitudes can be measured! But what is an attitude? // Social Cognition. 2007. Vol. 25, № 5. P. 573–581. DOI: 10.1521/soco.2007.25.5.573.
Smith E.R., Decoster J. Dual-process models in social and cognitive psychology: Conceptual integration and links to underlying memory systems // Personality and Social Psychology Review. 2000. Vol. 4, № 1. P. 108–131. DOI: 10.1207/S15327957PSPR0402. EDN: JPBNUB.
Strack F., Deutsch R. Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior // Personality and Social Psychology Review. 2004. Vol. 8, № 3. P. 220–247. DOI: 10.1207/s15327957pspr0803_1. EDN: JPBPLX.
Payne B.K., Gawronski B. A History of Implicit Social Cognition Where Is It Coming From? Where Is It Now? Where Is It Going? // Handbook of implicit social cognition: Measurement, theory, and applications. New York: Guilford Press, 2010. P. 1–15.
Wilson T.D., Lindsey S., Schooler T.Y. A model of Dual Attitudes // Psychological Review. 2000. Vol. 107, № 1. P. 101–126. DOI: 10.1037/0033-295X.107.1.101. EDN: GZSEGF.
Greenwald A.G., Banaji M.R. The Implicit Revolution: Reconceiving the Relation between Consious and Unconscious // American Psychologist. 2017. Vol. 72, № 9. P. 861–871. DOI: 10.1037/amp0000238.
Ajzen I., Cote N.G. Attitudes and the prediction of behavior // Attitudes and attitude change / Ed. by W.D. Crano, R. Prislin. New York: Psychology Press, 2008. P. 289–311. DOI: 10.1177/014616729521100.
Greenwald A., Lai C. Implicit Social Cognition // Annual Review of Psychology. 2020. Vol. 71. P. 419–445. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010419-050837.
Olson M.A., Fazio R.H. Implicit and Explicit Measures of Attitudes: The Perspective of the MODE Model // Attitudes: Insights from the new implicit measures / Ed. by R. Petty, R.H. Fazio, P. Brinol. New York: Psychology Press. 2009. P. 19–63. ISBN: 9780429235337.
Nosek B. A., Hansen J.J. The associations in our heads belong to us: Searching for attitudes and knowledge in implicit evaluation // Cognition and Emotion. 2008. Vol. 22, № 4. P. 553–594. DOI: 10.1080/02699930701438186.
Awareness of implicit attitudes / A. Hahn, C.M. Judd, H.K. Hirsh, I.V. Blair // Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 2014. Vol. 143, № 3. P. 1369–1392. DOI: 10.1037/a0035028.
Hahn A., Gawronski B. Facing one’s implicit biases: from awareness to acknowledgment // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2019. Vol. 116, № 5. P. 769–794. DOI: 10.1037/pspi0000155.
Gawronski B., LeBel E.P., Peters K.R. What do implicit measures tell us? Scrutinizing the validity of three common assumptions // Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2007. Vol. 2, № 2. P. 181–193. DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00036.x.
Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: IV. What we Know (So Far) about the Method / K.A. Lane, M.R. Banaji, B.A. Nosek, A.G. Greenwald // Implicit measures of attitudes / Ed. by B. Wittenbrink, N. Schwarz. N.Y.: Guilford Press, 2007. P. 59–102.
Mitchell J.P., Nosek B.A., Banaji M.R. Contextual variations in implicit evaluation // Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 2003. Vol. 132, № 3. P. 455–469. DOI: 10.1037/0096-3445.132.3.455. EDN: GXJZXD.
Gawronski B., Bodenhausen G.V. Associative and Propositional Processes in Evaluation: An integrative Review of Implicit and explicit Attitude Change // Psychological Bulletin. 2006. Vol. 132, № 5. P. 692–731. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.132.5.692.
De Hower J., Van Dessel P., Moran T. Attitudes beyond Associations: On the Role of Propositional Representations in Stimulus Evaluation // Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. 2020. Vol. 61. P. 127–183. DOI: 10.1016/bs.aesp.2019.09.004.
A meta-analysis of procedures to change implicit measures / P. Forscher, C. Lai, J. Axt, C. Ebersole, M. Herman, P. Devine, B. Nosek // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2019. Vol. 117, № 3. P. 522–559. DOI: 10.1037/pspa0000160.
Predicting Ethnic and Racial Discrimination: A Meta-analysis of IAT Criterion Studies / F.L. Oswald, G. Mitchell, H. Blanton, J. Jaccard, P.E. Tetlock // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2013. Vol. 105, № 2. P. 171–192. DOI: 10.1037/a0032734.
Implicit Measures: A Normative Analysis and Review / J. de Houwer, S. Teige-Mocigemba, A. Spruyt, A. Moors // Psychological Bulletin. 2009. Vol. 135, № 3. P. 347–368. DOI: 10.1037/a0014211.
Gawronski B., Brannon S.M. Attitudes and Implicit-Explicit Dualism // The Handbook of Attitudes. Vol. 1: Basic Principles / Ed. by D. Albarracin, B.T. Jonson. N.Y.: Routledge, 2019. P. 158–196. ISBN: 9781315178103. DOI: 10.4324/9781315178103.
Greenwald A.G., Banaji M.R., Nosek B.A. Statistically small effects of the Implicit Association Test can have societally large effects // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2015. Vol. 108, № 4. Р. 553–561. DOI: 10.1037/pspa0000016.
Levy N. Consciousness, Implicit Attitudes and Moral Responsibility // Noûs. 2014. Vol. 48, № 1. P. 21–40. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-0068.2011.00853.x.
Alwin D.F. Making inferences from attitude-behavior correlations // Sociometry. 1973. Vol. 36, № 2. P. 253–278. DOI: 10.2307/2786570.
Zanna M.P., Rempel J.K. Attitudes: A new look at an old concept // The social psychology of knowledge / Ed. by D. Bar-Tal, A.W. Kruglanski. N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, 1988. P. 315–334.
Schneider W., Shiffrin R.M. Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending and a general theory // Psychological Review.1977. Vol. 84. P. 127–190. DOI: 10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.127.
Pratkanis A.R. Cognitive Representation of Attitudes // Attitude Structure and Function / Ed. by A.R. Pratkanis, S.J. Breckler, A.G. Greenwald. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1989. Р. 71–98. DOI: 10.4324/9781315801780.
Neely J.H. Semantic priming retrieval from lexical memory: Role of inhibitionless spreading activation and limited-capacity attention // Journal of experimental Psychology: General. 1977. Vol. 106. P. 226–254. DOI: 10.1037/0096-3445.106.3.226.
On the automatic activation of attitudes / R.H. Fazio, D.M. Sanbonmatsu, M.C. Powell, F.R. Kardes// Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1986. Vol. 50. № 2. P. 229–238. DOI: 10.1037//0022-3514.50.2.229.
Petty R.E., Fazio R.H., Briñol P. The new implicit measures: An overview // Attitudes: Insights from the new implicit measures / Ed. by R. Petty, R.H. Fazio, P. Brinol. New York: Psychology Press. 2009. P. 3–18. ISBN: 9780429235337.
Fazio R.H., Sanbonmatsu D.M., Powell M.C., Kardes F.R. On the automatic activation of attitudes // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1986. Vol 50, № 2. P. 229–238. DOI: 10.1037//0022-3514.50.2.229.
Fazio R.H. Multiple processes by which attitudes guide behavior: The MODE model as an integrative framework // Advances in experimental social psychology / Ed. by M. P. Zanna. New York: Academic Press, 1990. Vol. 23. P. 75–109. DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60318-4.
Fazio R.H. Attitudes as object-evaluation associations: Determinants, consequences, and correlates of attitude accessibility // Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences / Ed. by R.E. Petty, J.A. Krosnick. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1995. P. 247–282. ISBN: 9781315807041.
Nosek B.A., Greenwald A.G., Banaji M.R. The Implicit Association Test at age 7: A methodological and conceptual review // Automatic Processes in Social Thinking and Behavior / Ed. by J.A. Bargh. N.Y.: Psychology Press, 2007. P. 265–292.
Banaji M.R. Implicit attitudes can be measured // The nature of remembering: Essays in honor of Robert G. Crowder / Ed. by H.L. Roediger, J.S. Nairne, I. Neath, A. Surprenant. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2001. P. 117–150.
Schacter D. Implicit memory: History and Current Status // Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 1987. Vol. 13. P. 501– 518. DOI: 10.1037/0278-7393.13.3.501.
Greenwald A.G., Banaji M.R. Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, Self- Esteem, and Stereotypes // Psychological review. 1995. Vol. 102, № 1. P. 4–27. DOI: 10.1037/0033-295x.102.1.4. EDN: HKCDTD.
Greenwald A.G., McGhee D.E., Schwartz J.L.K. Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1998. Vol. 74, № 6. P. 1464–1480. DOI: 10.1037//0022-3514.74.6.1464. EDN: GXURCB.
Krosnick J.A., Judd C.M., Wittenbrink B. The Measurement of Attitudes // The Handbook of Attitudes / Ed. by D. Albarracin, B.T. Johnson, M.P. Zanna. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2005. P. 21–78. ISBN: 9781315178103.
Greenwald A.G., Nosek B.A., Banaji M.R. Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2003. Vol. 85, № 2. P 197–216. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.197. EDN: GXTOIJ.
Gawronski B. Attitudes can be measured! But what is an attitude? // Social Cognition. 2007. Vol. 25, № 5. P. 573–581. DOI: 10.1521/soco.2007.25.5.573.
Smith E.R., Decoster J. Dual-process models in social and cognitive psychology: Conceptual integration and links to underlying memory systems // Personality and Social Psychology Review. 2000. Vol. 4, № 1. P. 108–131. DOI: 10.1207/S15327957PSPR0402. EDN: JPBNUB.
Strack F., Deutsch R. Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior // Personality and Social Psychology Review. 2004. Vol. 8, № 3. P. 220–247. DOI: 10.1207/s15327957pspr0803_1. EDN: JPBPLX.
Payne B.K., Gawronski B. A History of Implicit Social Cognition Where Is It Coming From? Where Is It Now? Where Is It Going? // Handbook of implicit social cognition: Measurement, theory, and applications. New York: Guilford Press, 2010. P. 1–15.
Wilson T.D., Lindsey S., Schooler T.Y. A model of Dual Attitudes // Psychological Review. 2000. Vol. 107, № 1. P. 101–126. DOI: 10.1037/0033-295X.107.1.101. EDN: GZSEGF.
Greenwald A.G., Banaji M.R. The Implicit Revolution: Reconceiving the Relation between Consious and Unconscious // American Psychologist. 2017. Vol. 72, № 9. P. 861–871. DOI: 10.1037/amp0000238.
Ajzen I., Cote N.G. Attitudes and the prediction of behavior // Attitudes and attitude change / Ed. by W.D. Crano, R. Prislin. New York: Psychology Press, 2008. P. 289–311. DOI: 10.1177/014616729521100.
Greenwald A., Lai C. Implicit Social Cognition // Annual Review of Psychology. 2020. Vol. 71. P. 419–445. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010419-050837.
Olson M.A., Fazio R.H. Implicit and Explicit Measures of Attitudes: The Perspective of the MODE Model // Attitudes: Insights from the new implicit measures / Ed. by R. Petty, R.H. Fazio, P. Brinol. New York: Psychology Press. 2009. P. 19–63. ISBN: 9780429235337.
Nosek B. A., Hansen J.J. The associations in our heads belong to us: Searching for attitudes and knowledge in implicit evaluation // Cognition and Emotion. 2008. Vol. 22, № 4. P. 553–594. DOI: 10.1080/02699930701438186.
Awareness of implicit attitudes / A. Hahn, C.M. Judd, H.K. Hirsh, I.V. Blair // Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 2014. Vol. 143, № 3. P. 1369–1392. DOI: 10.1037/a0035028.
Hahn A., Gawronski B. Facing one’s implicit biases: from awareness to acknowledgment // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2019. Vol. 116, № 5. P. 769–794. DOI: 10.1037/pspi0000155.
Gawronski B., LeBel E.P., Peters K.R. What do implicit measures tell us? Scrutinizing the validity of three common assumptions // Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2007. Vol. 2, № 2. P. 181–193. DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00036.x.
Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: IV. What we Know (So Far) about the Method / K.A. Lane, M.R. Banaji, B.A. Nosek, A.G. Greenwald // Implicit measures of attitudes / Ed. by B. Wittenbrink, N. Schwarz. N.Y.: Guilford Press, 2007. P. 59–102.
Mitchell J.P., Nosek B.A., Banaji M.R. Contextual variations in implicit evaluation // Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 2003. Vol. 132, № 3. P. 455–469. DOI: 10.1037/0096-3445.132.3.455. EDN: GXJZXD.
Gawronski B., Bodenhausen G.V. Associative and Propositional Processes in Evaluation: An integrative Review of Implicit and explicit Attitude Change // Psychological Bulletin. 2006. Vol. 132, № 5. P. 692–731. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.132.5.692.
De Hower J., Van Dessel P., Moran T. Attitudes beyond Associations: On the Role of Propositional Representations in Stimulus Evaluation // Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. 2020. Vol. 61. P. 127–183. DOI: 10.1016/bs.aesp.2019.09.004.
A meta-analysis of procedures to change implicit measures / P. Forscher, C. Lai, J. Axt, C. Ebersole, M. Herman, P. Devine, B. Nosek // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2019. Vol. 117, № 3. P. 522–559. DOI: 10.1037/pspa0000160.
Predicting Ethnic and Racial Discrimination: A Meta-analysis of IAT Criterion Studies / F.L. Oswald, G. Mitchell, H. Blanton, J. Jaccard, P.E. Tetlock // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2013. Vol. 105, № 2. P. 171–192. DOI: 10.1037/a0032734.
Implicit Measures: A Normative Analysis and Review / J. de Houwer, S. Teige-Mocigemba, A. Spruyt, A. Moors // Psychological Bulletin. 2009. Vol. 135, № 3. P. 347–368. DOI: 10.1037/a0014211.
Gawronski B., Brannon S.M. Attitudes and Implicit-Explicit Dualism // The Handbook of Attitudes. Vol. 1: Basic Principles / Ed. by D. Albarracin, B.T. Jonson. N.Y.: Routledge, 2019. P. 158–196. ISBN: 9781315178103. DOI: 10.4324/9781315178103.
Greenwald A.G., Banaji M.R., Nosek B.A. Statistically small effects of the Implicit Association Test can have societally large effects // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2015. Vol. 108, № 4. Р. 553–561. DOI: 10.1037/pspa0000016.
Levy N. Consciousness, Implicit Attitudes and Moral Responsibility // Noûs. 2014. Vol. 48, № 1. P. 21–40. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-0068.2011.00853.x.
Статья
Поступила: 05.07.2023
Опубликована: 31.12.2023
Раздел
ТЕОРИЯ И ИСТОРИЯ МЕТОДОВ
