Подходы к пониманию и измерению моральной самооценки в социальных науках: аналитический обзор
Обзорная статья
Для цитирования
Настина Е. А. Подходы к пониманию и измерению моральной самооценки в социальных науках: аналитический обзор // Социология: методология, методы, математическое моделирование (Социология:4М). 2021. № 50-51. С. 7-36.
Аннотация
Моральная самооценка в последнее время все чаще становится объектом эмпирических исследований в социальных и когнитивных науках, что обусловлено ее предполагаемой ролью в механизмах морального поведения и благополучия. В то же время среди исследователей отсутствует унифицированное представление о природе данного феномена и оптимальном способе его измерения, а терминологическая путаница препятствует конструктивному диалогу. Подобное положение дел обуславливает необходимость анализа и первичного синтеза подходов к данному концепту, реализованного в данном обзоре. В статье проясняется конструкт моральной самооценки в соотношении с рядом смежных терминов (например, «моральная идентичность», «моральный характер», «общая самооценка»), а также производится классификация инструментов для его измерения с учетом эксплицитности критериев оценки, обсуждаются преимущества и недостатки различных методических решений. С опорой на уточненную концептуализацию и реализованные эмпирические исследования предлагается теоретическая схема моральной самооценки, связывающая конструкт с другими релевантными переменными, что позволяет систематизировать доступные на данный момент исследовательские результаты и обозначить возможные направления для дальнейшего изучения.
Ключевые слова:
моральная самооценка, моральное самосознание, мораль, концептуализация, измерение, обзор
Литература
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2. MacIntyre A. After Virtue. London: Bloomsbury Publishing PLC, 2013.
3. Annas J. The Morality of Happiness. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
4. Jeffries V. The Sociology of the Good and the Concept of Virtue // Sociological Yearbook 2011 / Ed. by N. Pokrovsky, D. Efremenko. Moscow: INION RAS, 2012. P. 265–287.
5. Gorski P.S. Recovered Goods: Durkheimian Sociology as Virtue Ethics // Varieties of Virtue Ethics / Ed. by D. Carr, J. Arthur, K. Kristjánsson. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2017. P. 181–198.
6. Durkheim E. Sociology and Philosophy. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1974.
7. Durkheim E. Moral Education. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1973.
8. Mead G.H. Mind, Self, and Society from the Standpoint of a Social Behaviorist. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1934.
9. Foot P. The Problem of Abortion and the Doctrine of Double Effect // Oxford Review. 1967. Vol. 5. P. 5–15.
10. Kohlberg L. Essays on Moral Development: The Psychology of Moral Development. San Francisco, CA: Harper & Row, 1981.
11. Walker L.J. Gus in the Gap: Bridging the Judgment-Action Gap in Moral Functioning // Moral Development, Self, and Identity/ Ed. by D.K. Lapsley, D. Narvaez. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, 2004. P. 1–20.
12. Blasi A. Bridging Moral Cognition and Moral Action: A Critical Review of the Literature // Psychological Bulletin. US: American Psychological Association. 1980. Vol. 88. No. 1. P. 1–45.
13. Blasi A. Moral Cognition and Moral Action: A Theoretical Perspective // Developmental Review. 1983. Vol. 3. No. 2. P. 178–210.
14. Miles A. Moral Self-Appraisals Explain Emotional Rewards of Prosocial Behavior / A. Miles, L. Upenieks // Submitted manuscript.
15. Morality as a Basic Psychological Need / M. Prentice, E. Jayawickreme, A. Hawkins [et al.]. // Social Psychological and Personality Science. 2019. Vol. 10. No. 4. P. 449–460.
16. Jordan J. The Moral Self-Image Scale: Measuring and Understanding the Malleability of the Moral Self / J. Jordan, M.C. Leliveld, A.E. Tenbrunsel // Frontiers in Psychology. 2015. Vol. 6. Article no. 1878.
17. James W. The Principles of Psychology. Vol. 1. Revised ed. edition. New York: Dover Publications, 1950.
18. Фрейд З. Продолжение лекций по введению в психоанализ // Введение в психоанализ: лекции. М.: Наука, 1989. C. 300–399.
19. Markus H., Possible Selves / H. Markus, P. Nurius // American Psychologist. 1986. Vol. 41. No. 9. P. 954–969.
20. Rogers C.R. On Becoming a Person: a Therapist’s view of Psychotherapy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1961.
21. Higgins E.T. Self-Discrepancy: A Theory Relating Self and Affect // Psycho¬logical Review. 1987. Vol. 94. No. 3. P. 319–340.
22. Кули Ч.Х. Человеческая природа и социальный порядок. М.: Идея-пресс; Дом интеллектуальной книги, 2000.
23. Leary M.R. The Nature and Function of Self-Esteem: Sociometer Theory / M.R. Leary, R.F. Baumeister // Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. 2000. Vol. 32. P. 1–62.
24. Tesser A. Some Affective Consequences of Social Comparison and Reflection Processes: The Pain and Pleasure of Being Close / A. Tesser, M. Millar, J. Moore // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1988. Vol. 54. No. 1. P. 49–61.
25. Brown J.D. From the Top Down: Self-Esteem and Self-Evaluation / J.D. Brown, K.A. Dutton, K.E. Cook // Cognition and Emotion. Routledge. 2001. Vol. 15. No. 5. P. 615–631.
26. Monin B. The Dynamic Moral Self: A Social Psychological Perspective / B. Monin, A. Jordan // Personality, Identity and Character / Ed. by D. Narvaez, D.K. Lapsley. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. P. 341–354.
27. Merritt A.C. Moral Self-Licensing: When Being Good Frees Us to Be Bad / A.C. Merritt, D.A. Effron, B. Monin // Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 2010. Vol. 4. No. 5. P. 344–357.
28. Stets J.E. The Social Psychology of the Moral Identity// Handbook of the Sociology of Morality/ Ed. by S. Hitlin, S. Vaisey. New York: Springer, 2010. P. 385–409.
29. Stets J.E. A Theory of the Self for the Sociology of Morality /J.E. Stets, M.J. Carter // American Sociological Review. 2012. Vol. 77. No. 1. P. 120–140.
30. Coopersmith S. Manual of the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press, 1981.
31. O’Brien E.J. MSEI: The Multidimensional Self-esteem Inventory: Professional Manual / E.J. O’Brien, S. Epstein. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc., 1988.
32. Tappin B.M. The Illusion of Moral Superiority / B.M. Tappin, R.T. McKay // Social Psychological and Personality Science. 2017. Vol. 8. No. 6. P. 623–631.
33. The Better-than-average Effect in Comparative Self-Evaluation: A Comprehensive Review and Meta-Analysis / E. Zell, J. Strickhouser, C. Sedikides, M. Alicke // Psychological Bulletin. 2020. Vol. 146. No. 2. P. 118–149.
34. Behind Bars but Above The Bar: Prisoners Consider Themselves More Prosocial than Non-Prisoners / C. Sedikides, R. Meek, M. Alicke, S. Taylor // British Journal of Social Psychology. 2014. Vol. 53. No. 2. P. 396–403.
35. Wojciszke B. Morality and Competence in Person- And Self-Perception // European Review of Social Psychology. 2005. Vol. 16. No. 1. P. 155–188.
36. Tesser A. Self-evaluative Process, Psychology of // International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences / Ed. by N.J. Smelser, P.B. Baltes. Oxford: Pergamon, 2001. P. 13826–13830.
37. Turiel E. The Development of Social Knowledge: Morality and Convention. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
38. Gilligan C. In a different voice: Psychological theory and women’s development. Cambridge, MA, US: Harvard University Press, 1982.
39. Moral Foundations Theory: The Pragmatic Validity of Moral Pluralism: SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 2184440 / J. Graham, J. Haidt, S. Koleva [et al.]. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, 2012.
40. The “Big Three” of Morality (Autonomy, Community, Divinity) and the “Big Three” Explanations of Suffering / R. Shweder, N. Much, M. Mahapatra, L. Park // Morality and Health / Ed. by A. Brandt, P. Rozin. New York: Routledge, 1997. P. 119–169.
41. Curry O.S. Mapping morality with a compass: Testing the theory of ‘morality-as-cooperation’ with a new questionnaire / O.S. Curry, M. Chesters, C.J. Van Lissa // Journal of Research in Personality. 2019. Vol. 78. P. 106–124.
42. Hardy S.A., Carlo G. Moral Identity // Handbook of Identity Theory and Research / Ed. by S.J. Schwartz, K. Luyckx, V.L. Vignoles. New York, NY: Springer, 2011. P. 495–513.
43. Aquino K. The Self-Importance of Moral Identity / K. Aquino, A. Reed // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2002. Vol. 83. No. 6. P. 1423–1440.
44. Blasi A. Moral Identity: Its Role in Moral Functioning // Morality, Moral Behavior, and Moral Development / Ed. by W.M. Kurtines, J.J. Gewirtz. New York: Wiley, 1984. P. 128–139.
45. Hart D. Urban America as a Context for the Development of Moral Identity in Adolescence / D. Hart, R. Atkins, D. Ford // Journal of Social Issues. 2010. Vol. 54. No. 3. P. 513–530.
46. Walker L.J. Moral Personality of Brave and Caring Exemplars / L.J. Walker, J.A. Frimer // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2007. Vol. 93. No. 5. P. 845–860.
47. Burke P.J. Identity Theory / P.J. Burke, J.E. Stets.. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2009.
48. Jennings P.L. The Moral Self: A Review and Integration of the Literature / P.L. Jennings, M.S. Mitchell, S.T. Hannah // Journal of Organizational Behavior. 2015. Vol. 36. No. S1. P. S104–S168.
49. Wiggins B. Expectations, Intentions, and Behavior: Some Tests of Affect Control Theory / B. Wiggins, D.R. Heise // The Journal of Mathematical Sociology. 1987. Vol. 13. No. 1–2. P. 153–169.
50. Gough H.G. The Adjective Check List Manual / H.G. Gough, A.B. Heilbrun. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press, 1983.
51. Miles A. An Expanded Model of the Moral Self: Beyond Care and Justice // Social Science Research. 2018. Vol. 72. P. 1–19.
52. Настина Е.А. Моральная оценка себя: разработка и апробация русско¬язычного инструментария / Е.А. Настина, И.Ф. Девятко // Мониторинг общественного мнения: экономические и социальные перемены. [В печати.]
53. Келли Д. Психология личности. Теория личных конструктов. СПб.: Речь, 2000.
54. O’Brien E.J. The Self-Report Inventory: Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Measure of the Self-Concept and Sources of Self-Esteem. 1980.
55. Prentice M. An Experience Sampling Study of The Momentary Dynamics of Moral, Autonomous, Competent, and Related Need Satisfactions, Moral Enactments, and Psychological Thriving / M. Prentice, E. Jayawickreme, W. Fleeson // Motivation and Emotion. 2020. Vol. 44. No. 2. P. 244–256.
56. Lu X. Moral Self-Esteem Enhancement. PhD dissertation. Berkeley, CA, 2012.
57. Рубинштейн С.Я. Экспериментальные методики патопсихологии и опыт их применения в клинике. М., 1970.
58. Relationship of Subjective and Objective Social Status with Psychological and Physiological Functioning: Preliminary Data in Healthy, White women / N. Adler, E. Epel, G. Castellazzo, J. Ickovics // Health Psychology. US: American Psychological Association. 2000. Vol. 19. No. 6. P. 586–592.
59. Lachowicz-Tabaczek K. Self-Concept and Self-Esteem: How the Content of the Self-Concept Reveals Sources and Functions of Self-esteem / K. Lachowicz- Tabaczek, J. Śniecińska // Polish Psychological Bulletin. 2011. Vol. 42. No. 1. P. 24–35.
60. Девятко И.Ф. Диагностическая процедура в социологии. М.: Наука, 1993.
61. Back M.D. Predicting Actual Behavior from the Explicit and Implicit Self- Concept of Personality / M. Back, S. Schmukle, B. Egloff // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2009. Vol. 97. No. 3. P. 533–548.
2. MacIntyre A. After Virtue. London: Bloomsbury Publishing PLC, 2013.
3. Annas J. The Morality of Happiness. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
4. Jeffries V. The Sociology of the Good and the Concept of Virtue // Sociological Yearbook 2011 / Ed. by N. Pokrovsky, D. Efremenko. Moscow: INION RAS, 2012. P. 265–287.
5. Gorski P.S. Recovered Goods: Durkheimian Sociology as Virtue Ethics // Varieties of Virtue Ethics / Ed. by D. Carr, J. Arthur, K. Kristjánsson. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2017. P. 181–198.
6. Durkheim E. Sociology and Philosophy. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1974.
7. Durkheim E. Moral Education. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1973.
8. Mead G.H. Mind, Self, and Society from the Standpoint of a Social Behaviorist. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1934.
9. Foot P. The Problem of Abortion and the Doctrine of Double Effect // Oxford Review. 1967. Vol. 5. P. 5–15.
10. Kohlberg L. Essays on Moral Development: The Psychology of Moral Development. San Francisco, CA: Harper & Row, 1981.
11. Walker L.J. Gus in the Gap: Bridging the Judgment-Action Gap in Moral Functioning // Moral Development, Self, and Identity/ Ed. by D.K. Lapsley, D. Narvaez. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, 2004. P. 1–20.
12. Blasi A. Bridging Moral Cognition and Moral Action: A Critical Review of the Literature // Psychological Bulletin. US: American Psychological Association. 1980. Vol. 88. No. 1. P. 1–45.
13. Blasi A. Moral Cognition and Moral Action: A Theoretical Perspective // Developmental Review. 1983. Vol. 3. No. 2. P. 178–210.
14. Miles A. Moral Self-Appraisals Explain Emotional Rewards of Prosocial Behavior / A. Miles, L. Upenieks // Submitted manuscript.
15. Morality as a Basic Psychological Need / M. Prentice, E. Jayawickreme, A. Hawkins [et al.]. // Social Psychological and Personality Science. 2019. Vol. 10. No. 4. P. 449–460.
16. Jordan J. The Moral Self-Image Scale: Measuring and Understanding the Malleability of the Moral Self / J. Jordan, M.C. Leliveld, A.E. Tenbrunsel // Frontiers in Psychology. 2015. Vol. 6. Article no. 1878.
17. James W. The Principles of Psychology. Vol. 1. Revised ed. edition. New York: Dover Publications, 1950.
18. Фрейд З. Продолжение лекций по введению в психоанализ // Введение в психоанализ: лекции. М.: Наука, 1989. C. 300–399.
19. Markus H., Possible Selves / H. Markus, P. Nurius // American Psychologist. 1986. Vol. 41. No. 9. P. 954–969.
20. Rogers C.R. On Becoming a Person: a Therapist’s view of Psychotherapy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1961.
21. Higgins E.T. Self-Discrepancy: A Theory Relating Self and Affect // Psycho¬logical Review. 1987. Vol. 94. No. 3. P. 319–340.
22. Кули Ч.Х. Человеческая природа и социальный порядок. М.: Идея-пресс; Дом интеллектуальной книги, 2000.
23. Leary M.R. The Nature and Function of Self-Esteem: Sociometer Theory / M.R. Leary, R.F. Baumeister // Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. 2000. Vol. 32. P. 1–62.
24. Tesser A. Some Affective Consequences of Social Comparison and Reflection Processes: The Pain and Pleasure of Being Close / A. Tesser, M. Millar, J. Moore // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1988. Vol. 54. No. 1. P. 49–61.
25. Brown J.D. From the Top Down: Self-Esteem and Self-Evaluation / J.D. Brown, K.A. Dutton, K.E. Cook // Cognition and Emotion. Routledge. 2001. Vol. 15. No. 5. P. 615–631.
26. Monin B. The Dynamic Moral Self: A Social Psychological Perspective / B. Monin, A. Jordan // Personality, Identity and Character / Ed. by D. Narvaez, D.K. Lapsley. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. P. 341–354.
27. Merritt A.C. Moral Self-Licensing: When Being Good Frees Us to Be Bad / A.C. Merritt, D.A. Effron, B. Monin // Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 2010. Vol. 4. No. 5. P. 344–357.
28. Stets J.E. The Social Psychology of the Moral Identity// Handbook of the Sociology of Morality/ Ed. by S. Hitlin, S. Vaisey. New York: Springer, 2010. P. 385–409.
29. Stets J.E. A Theory of the Self for the Sociology of Morality /J.E. Stets, M.J. Carter // American Sociological Review. 2012. Vol. 77. No. 1. P. 120–140.
30. Coopersmith S. Manual of the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press, 1981.
31. O’Brien E.J. MSEI: The Multidimensional Self-esteem Inventory: Professional Manual / E.J. O’Brien, S. Epstein. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc., 1988.
32. Tappin B.M. The Illusion of Moral Superiority / B.M. Tappin, R.T. McKay // Social Psychological and Personality Science. 2017. Vol. 8. No. 6. P. 623–631.
33. The Better-than-average Effect in Comparative Self-Evaluation: A Comprehensive Review and Meta-Analysis / E. Zell, J. Strickhouser, C. Sedikides, M. Alicke // Psychological Bulletin. 2020. Vol. 146. No. 2. P. 118–149.
34. Behind Bars but Above The Bar: Prisoners Consider Themselves More Prosocial than Non-Prisoners / C. Sedikides, R. Meek, M. Alicke, S. Taylor // British Journal of Social Psychology. 2014. Vol. 53. No. 2. P. 396–403.
35. Wojciszke B. Morality and Competence in Person- And Self-Perception // European Review of Social Psychology. 2005. Vol. 16. No. 1. P. 155–188.
36. Tesser A. Self-evaluative Process, Psychology of // International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences / Ed. by N.J. Smelser, P.B. Baltes. Oxford: Pergamon, 2001. P. 13826–13830.
37. Turiel E. The Development of Social Knowledge: Morality and Convention. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
38. Gilligan C. In a different voice: Psychological theory and women’s development. Cambridge, MA, US: Harvard University Press, 1982.
39. Moral Foundations Theory: The Pragmatic Validity of Moral Pluralism: SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 2184440 / J. Graham, J. Haidt, S. Koleva [et al.]. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, 2012.
40. The “Big Three” of Morality (Autonomy, Community, Divinity) and the “Big Three” Explanations of Suffering / R. Shweder, N. Much, M. Mahapatra, L. Park // Morality and Health / Ed. by A. Brandt, P. Rozin. New York: Routledge, 1997. P. 119–169.
41. Curry O.S. Mapping morality with a compass: Testing the theory of ‘morality-as-cooperation’ with a new questionnaire / O.S. Curry, M. Chesters, C.J. Van Lissa // Journal of Research in Personality. 2019. Vol. 78. P. 106–124.
42. Hardy S.A., Carlo G. Moral Identity // Handbook of Identity Theory and Research / Ed. by S.J. Schwartz, K. Luyckx, V.L. Vignoles. New York, NY: Springer, 2011. P. 495–513.
43. Aquino K. The Self-Importance of Moral Identity / K. Aquino, A. Reed // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2002. Vol. 83. No. 6. P. 1423–1440.
44. Blasi A. Moral Identity: Its Role in Moral Functioning // Morality, Moral Behavior, and Moral Development / Ed. by W.M. Kurtines, J.J. Gewirtz. New York: Wiley, 1984. P. 128–139.
45. Hart D. Urban America as a Context for the Development of Moral Identity in Adolescence / D. Hart, R. Atkins, D. Ford // Journal of Social Issues. 2010. Vol. 54. No. 3. P. 513–530.
46. Walker L.J. Moral Personality of Brave and Caring Exemplars / L.J. Walker, J.A. Frimer // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2007. Vol. 93. No. 5. P. 845–860.
47. Burke P.J. Identity Theory / P.J. Burke, J.E. Stets.. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2009.
48. Jennings P.L. The Moral Self: A Review and Integration of the Literature / P.L. Jennings, M.S. Mitchell, S.T. Hannah // Journal of Organizational Behavior. 2015. Vol. 36. No. S1. P. S104–S168.
49. Wiggins B. Expectations, Intentions, and Behavior: Some Tests of Affect Control Theory / B. Wiggins, D.R. Heise // The Journal of Mathematical Sociology. 1987. Vol. 13. No. 1–2. P. 153–169.
50. Gough H.G. The Adjective Check List Manual / H.G. Gough, A.B. Heilbrun. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press, 1983.
51. Miles A. An Expanded Model of the Moral Self: Beyond Care and Justice // Social Science Research. 2018. Vol. 72. P. 1–19.
52. Настина Е.А. Моральная оценка себя: разработка и апробация русско¬язычного инструментария / Е.А. Настина, И.Ф. Девятко // Мониторинг общественного мнения: экономические и социальные перемены. [В печати.]
53. Келли Д. Психология личности. Теория личных конструктов. СПб.: Речь, 2000.
54. O’Brien E.J. The Self-Report Inventory: Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Measure of the Self-Concept and Sources of Self-Esteem. 1980.
55. Prentice M. An Experience Sampling Study of The Momentary Dynamics of Moral, Autonomous, Competent, and Related Need Satisfactions, Moral Enactments, and Psychological Thriving / M. Prentice, E. Jayawickreme, W. Fleeson // Motivation and Emotion. 2020. Vol. 44. No. 2. P. 244–256.
56. Lu X. Moral Self-Esteem Enhancement. PhD dissertation. Berkeley, CA, 2012.
57. Рубинштейн С.Я. Экспериментальные методики патопсихологии и опыт их применения в клинике. М., 1970.
58. Relationship of Subjective and Objective Social Status with Psychological and Physiological Functioning: Preliminary Data in Healthy, White women / N. Adler, E. Epel, G. Castellazzo, J. Ickovics // Health Psychology. US: American Psychological Association. 2000. Vol. 19. No. 6. P. 586–592.
59. Lachowicz-Tabaczek K. Self-Concept and Self-Esteem: How the Content of the Self-Concept Reveals Sources and Functions of Self-esteem / K. Lachowicz- Tabaczek, J. Śniecińska // Polish Psychological Bulletin. 2011. Vol. 42. No. 1. P. 24–35.
60. Девятко И.Ф. Диагностическая процедура в социологии. М.: Наука, 1993.
61. Back M.D. Predicting Actual Behavior from the Explicit and Implicit Self- Concept of Personality / M. Back, S. Schmukle, B. Egloff // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2009. Vol. 97. No. 3. P. 533–548.
Статья
Поступила: 11.12.2020
Опубликована: 11.04.2021
Форматы цитирования
Другие форматы цитирования:
APA
Настина, Е. А. (2021). Подходы к пониманию и измерению моральной самооценки в социальных науках: аналитический обзор. Социология: методология, методы, математическое моделирование (Социология:4М), (50-51), 7-36. извлечено от https://soc4m.ru/index.php/soc4m/article/view/7979
Раздел
ОБЩИЕ ВОПРОСЫ МЕТОДОЛОГИИ И МЕТОДИКИ СОЦИОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ
